Kailash Sharma, Milind Parle, Monu Yadav
Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar (Haryana) India.
INTRODUCTION
Psychosis (schizophrenic, schizoaffective and affective illnesses) is a group of serious illnesses that affect the mind. It is a major debilitating, complex and costly illness that strikes 1% of the world’s population. It is characterized by three general types of symptoms: Positive symptoms, Negative symptoms and Cognitive symptoms (Parle and Kadian, 2013). Positive symptoms refer to a loss of contact with reality and comprise of hallucinations, delusions and positive formal thought disorders. Negative symptoms refer to a diminution in or absence of normal behaviors and include flat affect, alogia, avolition and anhedonia (Parle and Sharma, 2013). Cognitive symptoms manifest as deficits in attention, learning and memory. Hyperactivation of mesolimbic pathway and dysfunction of mesocortical pathway generates imbalance in the serotonergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in certain region of brain, are major reason of psychosis. Other reasons of psychosis can be attributed to heredity, stress, oxidative stress, NMDA receptor antagonists, drug abuse and traumatic injury. Antipsychotics are used for the management of psychosis are typical and atypical (Yadav et al., 2015). Adverse effects due to the use of typical antipsychotics is extra-pyramidal side effects whereas, atypical antipsychotic possess lesser extra-pyramidal side effects. In spite of the availability of a number of drugs for treatment of psychosis, however, at present there is no satisfactory remedy available for prevention and management of psychosis. Herbals medicines are tremendously considered to be less toxic than synthetic ones. Now-a-day, there has been growing interest in the therapeutic use of plants because of their safe and economical use (Sharma et al., 2015). Therefore, the aim of our study was to explore the potential of plant in the management of psychosis.
Ocimum sanctum (Lamiaceae) commonly known as tulsi, is well known for its excellent nutritional and medicinal values throughout the world. Different parts of Ocimum sanctum have been reported for their diverse ranges of pharmacological actions including anti-oxidant, anti-stress, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunomodulatory. Phytoconstituents isolated from various parts of the tulsi plant are eugenol, cardinene, cubenol, borneol, linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitric acid, steric acid, vallinin, vicenin, vitexin, vllinin acid, orientin, circineol, gallic acid, vitamin A, vitamin C, phosphrous and iron (Kadian and Parle 2012; Triveni et al., 2013). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Leaves using Ketamine induced stereotypic behavior in mice and Pole climb avoidance behavior in rats.MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material
The fresh leaves of tulsi were procured from Guru Jambheshwar university campus. The plant was identified and authenticated from National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP), Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi (vide. No NHCP/NBPGR/2013-3/486). Methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves (OS) was administered in different doses (50, 100 and 200mg/kg, p.o) to mice and rats.
Extraction
The shade dried and powdered leaves of Ocimum sanctum (1000 gm) was Soxhlet extracted with methanol for 72 h. The extract was evaporated to dryness (Yield: 33g/kg). This extract was suspended into 2% tween 80.
Experimental animals
A total of 42 Swiss albino mice of either sex, weighing 25-30g and 30 male Wistar rats, weighing 120-150g were procured from Disease Free Small Animal House, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar,
Haryana (India). The experimental protocol was approved by Institutional Animals Ethics Committee (IAEC), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, India (Registration No. 0436). Animals were housed under standard conditions of temperature (24±2°C) and relative humidity (30-70%) with a 12:12 light: dark cycle. The animals were acclimatized for at least 7 days to the laboratory conditions before behavioral experiments. Experiments were carried out between 09:00 h – 17:00 h. Mice and rats were divided into 7 groups and 5 groups respectively. Separate group of animals were used for each observation. Each group comprised of a minimum 6 animals.
Drugs protocol
Olanzapine (Ranbaxy Laboratories, India), Haloperidol (RPG Science Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd) and Ketamine (Neon Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd) were used in the present study.
Drugs solution
Olanzapine was suspended in a vehicle consisting of 5% tween-80 in 0.9% saline. Haloperidol and Ketamine were separately diluted in 0.9% saline. Whereas, methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves was dissolved in 2% of tween-80 just before administration to the animals.
Experimental protocol
Ketamine- induced stereotypic behaviour in mice
Group I (Control group): Normal saline was administered i.p for 15 successive days to mice. On 15th day, number of stereotypy was recorded at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes.
Group II (Ketamine group): Ketamine (50mg/kg) was injected to mice for 15 successive days. After 20 min of last dose of Ketamine administration on 15th day, the mice were exposed into the cage and the number of stereotypic behavior was recorded at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes.
Group III & Groups IV (Standard groups): Haloperidol (1mg/kg) and Olanzapine (5mg/kg) were administered i.p for 15 successive days respectively. After 60 min of last dose of Haloperidol and Olanzapine administration on 15th day, the mice were exposed into the cage and the number of stereotypic behavior were recorded at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes.
Groups V VI & Group VII (Test groups): Ocimum sanctum extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) were administered per-oral for 15 successive days. On 15th day, mice were exposed into the cage and the number of stereotypic behaviour was recorded at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes.
Pole climbing avoidance in rats
Group VIII (Control group): Normal saline was administered i.p for 8 successive days. Latency to climb the pole was recorded on 8th day.
Group IX (Standard group): Haloperidol (1mg/kg) was administered i.p for 8 successive days respectively. Latency to climb the pole was recorded on 8th day.
Groups X, XI & Group XII (Test groups): Ocimum sanctum extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) were administered per-oral for 8 successive days. Latency to climb the pole was recorded on 8th day.
Biochemical estimation
Collection of brain samples
The animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation under light anaesthesia on the 8th day 90 min after drugs administration. Immediately after the decapitation, the whole brain was dissected out. Weighed quantity of tissue was homogenized in 0.1 ml hydrochloric acid – butanol, (0.85 ml of 37% hydrochloric acid in one liter n- butanol for spectroscopy) for 1 min in a cool environment.
The sample was then centrifuged for 10 min at 2,000 rpm. 0.08 ml of supernatant phase was removed and added to an Eppendorf reagent tube containing 0.2 ml of heptane (for spectroscopy) and 0.025 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. After 10 min of vigorous shaking, the tube was centrifuged under same conditions to separate two phases. Upper organic phase was discarded and the aqueous phase (0.02 ml) was used for estimation of Dopamine assay (Schlumpf et al., 1974).
Estimation of brain dopamine levels
To 0.02 ml of aqueous, 0.05ml 0.4M EDTA and 0.01ml Sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.9) were added, followed by 0.01ml iodine solution (0.1M in ethanol) for oxidation. The reaction was stopped after two minutes by addition of 0.01ml Na2SO3 in 5M NaOH (0.5 g Na2SO3 in 2 ml H2O + 18 ml 5 M NaOH). Acetic acid (0.01 ml, 10 M) was added 1.5 minutes later. Then the solution was heated to 100oC for 6 minutes. When the sample again reached room temperature, excitation and emission spectra were read from the spectrofluorimeter at 330/375nm (Schlumpf et al., 1974).
Internal Standard was prepared by adding 500 μg/ml of dopamine in distilled water: HCl-butanol in 1:2 ratios and following the whole above mentioned procedure. Tissue blanks and internal reagent blank were prepared by adding the reagents of the oxidation step in reversed order (sodium sulphite before iodine).
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. Significant differences between groups were determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences between data sets were considered as significant when p< 0.05 and p< 0.01.
RESULTS
Effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Leaves (OS) on ketamine-induced stereotypic behavior of mice
Ketamine (50mg/kg, i.p.) produced stereotypic behaviour (turning, weaving, head-bobbing and falling) in mice. OS (100 and 200mg/kg, p.o.), when administered to mice for 15 successive days significantly (p<0.01) decreased turning and falling behavior as compared to ketamine group. Similarly, OS (50, 100 and 200mg/kg, p.o.), when administered to mice for 15 successive days significantly (p<0.01) decreased head-bobbing and weaving behavior as compared to ketamine group.
Haloperidol (1mg/kg; i.p.) and Olanzapine (5mg/kg, i.p) an established anti-psychotic agents remarkably (p<0.01) reduced these stereotypic behavior respectively (Figure 1, 2, 3 & 4).
Effect of Ocimum sanctum extract (OS) on locomotor activity
Locomotor activity (counts) of the mice was measured every 10 min for 60 min with actophotometer. Significant decreased in locomotor activity has been observed in treated groups (Figure 5).
Effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Leaves (OS) on Pole climbing avoidance in rats
Administration of OS (50mg/kg, p.o) for eight successive days significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the conditioned avoidance response in rats as indicated by increased time spent on the grid .
floor of the chamber. However, OS (100 and 200mg/kg, p.o) were remarkably (p<0.01) inhibiting the conditioned avoidance response as compared to control. Haloperidol (1mg/kg; i.p.) remarkably (p<0.01) reduced the conditioned avoidance response inhibiting the conditioned avoidance response (Figure 6).
Effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Leaves (OS) on brain dopamine levels of rats
Administration of OS (50 and 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o) for 8 consecutive days showed significant decrease in brain dopamine level as compared to control group (Figure 7).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
In the present study, we have focused upon the effects of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on psychosis employing ketamine induced stereotypic behaviour in mice and pole climbing avoidance in rats. Dopamine, GABA, glutamate, 5-HT and norepinephrine levels imbalance in certain areas of brain causes psychotic symptoms (Parle and Sharma, 2013). Herbal drugs due to its antioxidant property and lesser side-effects remain the ideal choice in comparison to synthetic drugs. Ocimum sanctum is the tremendous source of excellent phytoconstituents and phytonutrients, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects (Hussain et al., 2001; Thakur et al., 2009). Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate antipsychotic like activity of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves. Ketamine is a NMDA receptor antagonist, which induces characteristic stereotype behavior mediated by the hyperactivity of dopaminergic mechanism in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathway (Kapur and Seeman, 2002). These stereotype behaviours are considered as abnormal behaviours. Inhibition of Ketamine induced stereotypic behaviours is regarded as a very selective test for screening of antipsychotic activity. In the present, it has been found that methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves significantly reduced the ketamine induced stereotypic behaviors in mice when administered to mice for 15 successive days. This confirmed that that methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves has significant antipsychotic like activity. Pole climb avoidance behavior mainly affects cognitive behavior by mesocortical pathway of dopaminergic neurons (Cook and Catania, 1964). It is an avoidance escape procedure used to separate neuroleptics from sedatives and anxiolytics. Whereas, sedative compounds suppress both avoidance and escape responding at approximately the same doses, neuroleptic drugs reduce avoidance responding at lower doses than those affecting escape responding. In our study, when methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum administered for 8 successive days significantly delayed time taken by the rats to climb the pole. This revealed that antipsychotic potential of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum.
Methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves also decreases the locomotor activity. Haloperidol and Olanzapine remarkably diminished stereotypic behavior induced by Ketamine in mice and conditioned avoidance behavior in rats. In biochemical studies, methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum significantly decreased the brain dopamine levels.
These findings reveal the antipsychotic effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves. The antioxidant (Hussain et al., 2001) and anti-inflammatory (Thakur and Pitre, 2009) effect of Ocimum sanctum, may also be contributing to the anti-psychotic effect. Ocimum sanctum is known to contain higher concentration of flavonoids, essential oil, Caffeic acid and vitamins. This shows that flavonoid contents and vitamins in Ocimum sanctum may be responsible for the antipsychotic activity. Furthermore, it may act synergistically or other minor constituents may also contribute to the observed activity.
When, these observations taken collectively suggest that methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves has promising anti-psychotic effect. Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore the usefulness of these plants in the management of various mental disorders.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank All India council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi for financial support in the form of fellowship.
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